May 1, 1534Poor Clare Repairs and Backing AddedPoor Clare nuns repair the 1532 fire damage by sewing patches and adding a full backing cloth.HistoryScience
May 28, 1898Secondo Pia Photographs the ShroudLawyer and amateur photographer Secondo Pia takes the first photographs of the Shroud, revealing its negative image properties.HistoryScience
May 29, 1931Giuseppe Enrie Photographs the ShroudProfessional photographer Giuseppe Enrie produces high-quality images that become the standard photographic reference.HistoryScience
October 12, 1973First Modern Scientific ExaminationAn international commission conducts the first modern scientific examination of the Shroud, including imaging and material tests.Science
July 1, 1976VP-8 Image Analyzer Reveals 3D PropertiesUse of a VP-8 image analyzer shows the Shroud image encodes relief-like information, a finding noted before STURP.Science
October 8, 1978STURP Scientific ExaminationThe Shroud of Turin Research Project conducts the most comprehensive scientific examination of the Shroud to date.Science
January 1, 1982STURP Peer-Reviewed Lab Papers PublishedSTURP researchers publish peer-reviewed laboratory results on blood chemistry and image formation.Science
July 15, 19843D Correlation Study PublishedA quantitative study correlates Shroud image intensity with three-dimensional body structure.Science
February 16, 1989Radiocarbon Dating Study PublishedThree independent laboratories dated the Shroud to 1260-1390 CE, sparking decades of scientific debate.Science
April 1, 20022002 Conservation and RestorationConservation work removes the 1534 backing cloth, adds a new backing, and documents material changes with new photography.Science
September 1, 2019Radiocarbon Raw-Data ReanalysisA reanalysis of the 1988 radiocarbon raw data raises questions about sample homogeneity and statistical consistency.Science